Rohit Chopra, who led the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, was known for his aggressive enforcement and expansion of consumer protection laws.

Mr. Chopra, long a target of criticism by Republican lawmakers and banks, has not yet been forced out. “I swore an oath to a five-year term,” he said this week.

The future of the new rule remains in question, however, with President-elect Donald J. Trump set to return to the White House this month.